International Society of Urological Pathology

Question: Discuss about the International Society of Urological Pathology. Answer: Introduction: Blood tests are used to establish presence of testicular tumors. Many testicular cancers develop hormones which can be detected in the blood examinations (Stang et al., 2013). Several testicular tumors produce high levels of tumors markers proteins such as Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFB) (Stang et al., 2013).When these hormones tests positive in blood, it suggests presence of testicular cancer. The increase in the AFB indicates that the tumor has a non seminoma component. In addition, testicular cancer can raise the levels of lactate dehydrogenase LDH. It is done as the first step to confirm if Perry has testicular cancer. The test utilizes the sound waves which develops images of the internal tissues (Stang et al., 2013). The transducer produces sound waves and picks up the echoes while they bounce off the testicle (Verrill, et al., 2017). The mainframe will then develop images from these patterns of echoes. These particular patterns can be utilized to differentiate some conditions of benign such as hydrocele from a tumor which could have developed in Tyson testicle. If the lump is solid, there is high possibility that it is a cancer. Anatomy and Pathology Testicles are enclosed by tough, stringy layers of tissue termed the tunica. The epididymis connects to a long, outsized duct referred to as the vas deferens (Wymer et al., 2017). Everytesticleis detained in the scrotumwith a spermatic cord. When one is suspected having testicular cancer, two types of germ cell tumors are determined. Lumps in the testicles can arise due to many factors. In inguinal hernias the section of the bowel pokes via groin can make scrotum to become distended.However, varicoceles swellings are caused by enlarged and swollen veins in the scrotum. When the fluid builds up in the testicular, it causes hydroceles and further causes an inflammation called epididymal orchitis (Verrill, et al., 2017). The pain in the lower abdomen is experienced when the cancer cells have spread to lymph glands called Para-aortic lymph glands at the back of the stomach. At stage II of testicular cancer, the cancer cells have invaded tissues that are next to the testicle, and also found in at least one nearby lymph node (Stang et al., 2013). The levels of the Tumor marker can be normal or a little elevated. The malignant changes of carcinoma in situ are featured by a growth beyond the basement membrane which replaces the several testicular parenchyma. The lymphatic spread is the known cause of metastasis via the spermatic cord lympatics (Verrill, et al., 2017). The best treatment for stage II testicular cancer is surgery to remove the testicle which can then be followed by addition therapies (Wymer et al., 2017). For the case of Tyson, orchiectomy is performed where a sample of blood shall be collected prior to surgery to check for levels of serum tumor markers due to the fact that they are frequently useful in treatment planning and follow-up care (Wymer et al., 2017). For instance, constantly or rising high beta-hCG or AFP after surgery will be an indication that the cancer has multiply to the nearby tissues (Ostrowski et al., 2015). Surgery for testicular cancer encompasses the elimination of the tumor and some nearby healthy tissue at the time of an operation. A cut is made on top of the pubic hair, the testicle is tenderly removed from the scrotum via the made opening (Ostrowski et al., 2015). An incision is made via the spermatic cord which joins the testicle to the abdomen. The blood and lymph vessels are tied off in the spermatic co rd untimely and some cautions are made to avoid the cells of the cancers from spreading to the ext tissues. Nursing intervention Terry will be psychologically disrupted due to the removal of his testicle which led to low sex drive (Stang et al., 2013). Nurses have a big role to play here where they should try to teach him on what should be done to retrieve his sex activeness through proper eating and medications. However, as a way to make him psychologically stable, they should counsel the two couples on how to manage the condition. In addition, Terrys girlfriend should be advised on how to handle Terry so that he might not end up in stress. The goal is to offer good healing process to Terry after surgery. One of the side effects of the surgery is the low sex drive (Ostrowski et al., 2015). Terry will not be in position to have sex the way he had before and the issue might affect him bit socially and psychologically. He might not in position to offer conjugal rights to his girl friend and this could bring break up or even unfaithfulness between them. 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Stang, A., Jansen, L., Trabert, B., Rusner, C., Eberle, A., Katalinic, A., Emrich, K., Holleczek, B., Brenner, H. and GEKID Cancer Survival Working Group, 2013. Survival after a diagnosis of testicular germ cell cancers in Germany and the United States, 20022006: a high resolution study by histology and age.Cancer epidemiology,37(4), pp.492-497. Verrill, C., Yilmaz, A., Srigley, J.R., Amin, M.B., Comprat, E., Egevad, L., Ulbright, T.M., Tickoo, S.K., Berney, D.M. and Epstein, J.I., 2017. Reporting and Staging of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Testicular Cancer Consultation Conference Recommendations.The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. Wymer, K.M., Pearce, S.M., Harris, K.T., Pierorazio, P.M., Daneshmand, S. and Eggener, S.E., 2017. Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for testicular cancer.The Journal of urology,197(3), pp.684-689.